Italy

Italy is the State in the south of Europe. In the north borders on Switzerland and Austria, in the east — on Slovenia, in northwest — on France. In the east it is washed by the Adriatic sea, in the south — the Ionian sea and the Mediterranean sea, in the west — the Tyrrhenian sea, the Ligurian sea and the Mediterranean sea. Italy belong also islands Elbas, Sicily, Sardinia and some little islands. Two independent states — San Marino and Vatican — are located in territory of Apennine peninsula and completely surrounded by Italy.

The history of Italy begins nearby 500 year B.C., when bases of powerful Roman empire have been incorporated. In V century it had huge territories of Europe, Asia and Northern Africa. In the end of V century modern Italy has been won by germens, ostgots and Goths which board lasted for some centuries. In the end of Middle Ages there were the rich cities-states which have peacefully existed up to the middle of XV century when the next states have begun a series of wars for possession territories of Apennine peninsula. In 1861 the king of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II has proclaimed the creation of the uniform state which, however, still did not include Rome and Venice. By 1870 Italy was already practically in modern borders, and in July, 1871 Rome became the capital of incorporated Italy.
In 1922 to authority to Italy Benito Mussolini’s fascist mode has come which have existed till 1943, when dictator Mussolini was executed by guerrillas, and armies of allies have landed in Italy. In June, 1946 king of Italy has renounced the throne and has left the country. Italy has been proclaimed by republic. Since 1944 the political life of Italy proceeded rather roughly, to that testifies frequent (sometimes two-three times a year) resignation of the government of the country. Italy is a member of the United Nations and all specialized agencies of this organization, NATO, EU, OSCE, the Organizations of economic cooperation and development.

A state system:
The head of the state — the president.
The supreme body of legislature — two-chamber Parliament.
The supreme body of executive authority — Ministerial Council