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Italy is the advanced industrially-agrarian country where the new postindustrial type of economy is widely presented. In the country the role of the state in economy is great. The important position is taken by the huge holdings controllable by the state: Institute of reconstruction of the industry (IRI) operates in spheres of ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, transport, communication, credit-bank operations; National enterprise of liquid fuel («NELF») dominates over the oil, gas and petrochemical industry. The state possesses the major banks, rail- and highways, airlines, partially radio and TV, etc. Share of a state ownership is especially great in capital-intensive branches and at the large enterprises, and also in economy of backward areas. But solving levers in economy and the politician of the country are in hands of the private capital. Where first positions take such corporations of the international scale, as FIAT (manufacture of cars and other automobiles), «Montedisson» (chemical industry and electrical engineer), «Olivetty» (office equipment), «Pierelly» (rubber-technical products). On a relative level of industrialization Italy takes one of the first places in Europe. The leading part belongs to such industries as mechanical engineering and the chemical industry. In mechanical engineering it is taken 2/5 of all industrial workers, 1/3 of all costs of an industrial output and 1/3 of Italian export are created. In the main branch of mechanical engineering — manufacturing of automobiles — dominates FIAT. Capital of FIAT is Turin where are headquarters and the largest factory «Mirafori». «Ferrari» is known for the racing machines. The shipbuilding is developed. The international authority of Italy on release of the equipment for the textile, sewing and shoe industry is great. In the electrical engineer specialization of the country — release of refrigerators and washing machines, and also personal computers where «Olivetty» is lead, the main factory of this firm is located in Evrea, to the north of Turin. The electrical engineer and electronics are concentrated in Milan and its suburbs. Specialization of the chemical industry — petrochemistry, manufacture of organic products. Manufactures of plastic and chemical fibers, automobile tires, pharmaceutics have the greatest value. The oldest and major area of the chemical industry is Milan and its environment. About 73% of the chemical industry is supervised by «Montedisson» company. Italy is one of the world’s largest manufacturers and exporters of many important consumer goods: cotton and woolen fabrics, jersey, clothes and footwear, furniture, jeweler and faience products, art glass. On release of footwear (more than 400 mln pairs in a year) Italy concedes only the USA. " Benetton " specializing on manufacture of high-quality ready-to-wear clothes and jersey, is one of the largest in Europe, has the shops in 110 countries of the world. Specialization of the food-processing industry: manufacturing of macaroni, an olive oil, grape wines, vegetable and fruit canned food, juices. All this mainly fine labor-consuming manufactures widely spread about all Italy, including countryside. Tourism is a very important branch of economy providing with work more than 1 million of Italians and bringing annually 6 — 8 billion. Main branch of an agriculture of Italy, beside other countries of Europe, — plant growing, its share in cost of a commodity output of an agriculture is 60%, and under influence of integration of economy of the EU countries this parameter will increase in the future, as Italy specializes in EU on export of vegetables and fruit, at curtailing manufacture of grain and meat. In Italy annually collect nearby 15 million vegetables, including 5 million tomatoes. Gathering of apples, pears, and other fruit of the moderate belt make 5,5 — 6 million, citruses — above 3 million. Most of all vegetables and fruit acts on the market from Emily-Roman, Campaigns and Apulia, and citruses — from Southern Italy, mainly from Sicily. On gathering vegetables and fruit Italy dominates in Europe, and on crops of citruses, as well as olives, concedes only Spain. Italy and France are the first-ever countries on vintage and manufacturing of grape wines (leaders — Apulia, Veneto, Sicily). Flowers, nuts, tobacco are exported. The main grain crops are wheat (45% of gathering), corn (35% of gathering) and rice. More than half of crop of the named cultures gathers in lowlands of Paden and Emily-Roman. In the south grow up the valuable grades of firm wheat going on manufacturing of macaroni. The major commercial crop — a sugar beet (it is cultivated basically in the east of lowland Paden). The country is almost provided by the own sugar. In the country 7,2 million of large horned livestock, 8 million pigs, 12 million sheep and goats, needs for meat are satisfied on 70 — 75%. The dairy animal industries prevails in the north where the best pastures and stocks of fodder are concentrated, the main area of sheep breeding is Sardinia. Scales of fishery (0,5 million) as the surrounding seas are rather poor fish are insignificant. Artificial manufacture of various sea products quickly develops. |
